Types of a map, symbols used in maps, drawing and orienting a map

Types of map scales, measurement and conversion of map distance to ground distance, and the relationship between map size and scale)

Demonstrating the principle of using the 4 and 6- figure grid references and the location of features on a map using 4 and 6 figure – grid references

Features of a compass, how a compass works, measurement of whole circle bearings using a protractor, and the relationship between whole circle bearings and compass directions.

Construction and interpretation of cross sections of the landscape depicted by contour lines and gradient calculation

Relief using contour lines, spot heights, trigonometric stations, etc.

Description of the nature of the problem and aims of the research hypothesis; formulation and definition, types of data.

Types of sampling methods, advantages, and limitations of the sampling methods, methods of data collection and presentation.

Research definition, the importance of research, identification of a problem area or topic; e.g. environmental problem at school, community, etc.

Solar system definition and composition, characteristics of stars, the impact of the sun and stars on man and the environment.

Different types of satellites, asteroids, comets, meteors and meteorites, the moon, and phases of the moon, types of tides, and causes tides.

Names and characteristics of planets, illustration of the position of planets in relation to the sun, and properties of each planet.

Shape and size of the Earth and proofs of the spherical shape of the Earth, rotation, and revolution of the Earth and illustration of the rotation and revolution of the earth, and results of rotation and revolution of the Earth

 Latitude and longitude, lines of latitude and longitude, characteristics of lines of latitude and lines of longitude, uses of lines of latitude and lines of longitude (location of places on a map and time calculation)

Layers that make up the internal structure of the Earth, the composition of each of the layers of the Earth 

The Earth’s atmosphere ( gaseous spheres that surround the Earth, functions of these gaseous spheres)

Earthquake definition and causes of earthquakes